RELG 330 - History of Christianity

Course Notes

Time-Line for Christianity in Russia

Russia and the East were isolated from many of the events which took place in medieval Europe.
Feudalism ran its course in Europe. Factors leading to the break-down of the feudal system were the Black Death, the discovery of America, and the Reformation and Renaissance - these had less impact on the East.
Russia remained largely feudal until the beginning of the twentieth century.

The time line below is intended to help clarify the time periods, events, and geographic areas covered by the Church in Russia.

954
Princess Olga of Kiev was baptized, started to bring in Christian missionaries
966
Prince Miesko (Mieczyslaw) I of Poland was baptized, and made Poland a vassal state of the Pope of Rome. This set the scene for future Russian Orthodox vs. Roman Catholic confrontations
969
Death of Olga
Prince Svyatoslav, son of Olga, took the people back to paganism
972
Death of Svyatoslav. Iaropolk became Prince of Kiev, and his younger brother Vladimir moved to Novgorod
978
Vladimir became Prince of Kiev
988
Vladimir was baptized, and established Christianity as the official religion of his kingdom. He brought in Greek Orthodox priests, and established relations with Constantinople, but the Liturgy was in Slavic rather than Greek
1015
Death of Vladimir. Boris and Gleb, Christian sons of Prince Vladimir, martyred
1016-1054
Reign of Yaroslav the Wise, son of Vladimir
1051
The monk Antony came from the monastery at Mount Athos in Greece, founded the Monastery of the Caves near Kiev
1054
The Great Schism between Eastern and Western Churches - Russia chose to remain part of the Eastern Church
1210
Teutonic Knights and Swedes invaded the Baltic lands
1218-1263
Alexander Nevski
1237
The Tartars (Mongols) started to move in from the East
1240
The Battle at the Neva. Alexander Nevski defeated the Teutonic Knights
1242
The Battle on Lake Chud. The battle took place ON the lake - it was frozen. Alexander Nevski drove the Teutonic Knights out of the region
1243
Batu Khan became over-lord of the Russian princes
1329
The monks Sergius and Germanus founded the monastery of Valamo
1314-1392
Sergius of Radonezh, founded monasteries and started to reform monastic life
1439
The Council of Florence attempted to heal the Eastern Orthodox/Roman Catholic schism. The Greek, Armenian, Coptic, Syrian, and some other smaller Churches accepted the decisions, but most of these Churches were soon over-run by the Turkish invasions and the agreements lapsed. In the Russian church, only the Church in Kiev accepted the measures. The Metropolitan of Kiev was in communion with both the Pope of Rome and the Patriarch of Constantinople, though the Pope and the Patriarch had excommunicated each other
1453
Byzantium (Constantinople) fell to the Turks. Ivan the Great claimed that Russia was now the leader of the Orthodox Church
1461
The Russian Church was divided into two administrative regions centered on Kiev and Moscow, each with a Metropolitan (equivalent to an Archbishop)
1470-1490
A secret society of Judaizers tried to take over the Church
1480
Ivan III (the Great) broke free of the Tartar yoke
1533
Ivan IV (the Terrible) became "Grand Prince" at the age of 3. He was Ivan the Great's grandson
1542-1563
Makary (Macarius), Metropolitan of Moscow
1547
Ivan the Terrible (aged 16) was crowned by Metropolitan Makary as "Tsar" (Caesar), claiming that Russia was the successor of the Roman Empire
1549
The Hundred Chapters Council, led by Metropolitan Makary, set out rules for the organization of the Church and people of Russia
1580
Ivan the Terrible killed his oldest son and heir with his own hands in one of his rages.
1584
Death of Ivan the Terrible. His son Feodor became Tsar, but had no political power.
1584-1598
Feodor, son of Ivan the Terrible ruled as Tsar, but his brother-in-law Boris Godunov wielded political power
1589
Moscow was allowed to have a Patriarch, making it equal to Constantinople and Jerusalem
1591
Boris Godunov had Dimitri, a son of Ivan the Terrible, assassinated.
1998
Tsar Feodor I died. Boris Godunov seized the throne and had himself elected Tsar by the Russian Assembly
1598-1613
"The Time of Troubles" : dynastic wars for the throne, famine, Poles invaded and took Moscow, peasants fled to the east and set up Cossack communities
1601
The False Dimitri appeared in Poland, claiming to be the son of Ivan the Terrible, and inciting the Poles to invade Russia
1604
Boris Godunov defeated the False Dimitri
1605
Boris Godunov died and was succeeded by his son Feodor II. The False Dimitri entered Moscow, Feodor II was assassinated. The False Dimitri was crowned as Tsar.
1606
The False Dimitri was assassinated by the boyar Vasili Shuiski, who was then elected as the next Tsar
1608
The Second False Dimitri appeared, defeated Tsar Vasili Shuiski, and advanced on Moscow
1610
Tsar Vasili Shuiski was deposed, and the Russian throne was offered to Vladislav, son of Sigismond III of Poland
1596-1676
Michael Romanov
1613
Michael Romanov was elected Tsar
1652
Tsar Alexis I appointed Nikon as patriarch of Moscow. Nikon started to reform the Church, trying to bring it into line with the Greek Orthodox Church
1658
Tsar Alexis I deposed the Patriarch Nikon
1667
The "Old Believers" who had not accepted Nikon's reforms, were excommunicated, and called "Raskolniki" (schismatics)
1672-1725
Tsar Peter I (The Great), son of Alexis I
1689
Peter the Great became Tsar, started to modernize Russia, built a Russian fleet and founded St. Petersburg (Petrograd) as a port on the Baltic
1721
Peter the Great abolished the Patriarchate, and set up a "Holy Synod" of ten Church leaders, who were under the control of the government
1729-1796
Catherine II (The Great), a German princess who was married to Tsar Peter III
1762
Peter III was insane, so a party of nobles led a palace revolution which deposed Peter and made Catherine sole ruler
1786
The "Decree for Public Schools" promulgated by Catherine the Great to make public education available for all free children (serfs were not included), and to teach the basics of the Orthodox faith
1794
Russian Missionaries arrived at the Kodiak islands of Alaska
1812
Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Russia, captured Moscow, but was defeated by the Russian winter. He returned to France, and lost most of his army on the way. It is estimated that 380,000 of his soldiers died, 100,000 were taken prisoner, and only 27,000 made it back to France. Napoleon himself abandoned his army and returned to France to try to protect his Empire.
1905
Tsar Nicholas II issued the "Edict of the Toleration of all Faiths"
1917-1918
Council of clergy and laity met in Moscow to start reorganizing the Church. The Patriarchate was restored, and Metropolitan Tikhon of Moscow was elected Patriarch
1917
Start of the Communist Revolution. Persecution of Christians began
1988
The Russian Orthodox Church celebrated 1000 years of Orthodoxy in Russia

Copyright © 2005 Shirley J. Rollinson, all Rights Reserved

Dr. Rollinson

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Portales, NM 88130

Last Updated : October 1, 2019

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